All Issue

2019 Vol.21, Issue 1

Research Paper

Analysis and cause of defects in reinforced cement concrete lining on NATM tunnel based on the Precise Inspection for Safety and Diagnosis - Part I

정밀안전진단 결과를 활용한 NATM (철근)의 라이닝 결함 종류별 발생원인 및 분석 - Part I

Jinho Choo1*
,
Inmo Lee2
추 진호1*
,
이 인모2
1Ph.D. Candidate, School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University
2Professor, School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University
1정회원, 고려대학교 건축사회환경공학과 박사수료
2정회원, 고려대학교 건축사회환경공학과 교수
* Corresponding Author
31 January 2019. pp. 1-29
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Related to the previous paper on the typical crack pattern of tunnel lining with NATM, the characteristic defects in reinforced cement concrete lining of NATM tunnel have analyzed with the precise inspection with safety and diagnosis (PISD) by KISTEC. Depending on the reinforcing materials, steel rebar, steel fiber, and glass fiber have been implemented to reinforcing lining in various NATM tunnel constructions. Reinforcing lining with rebar are prevailed on NATM tunnel to countermeasure the weak geological circumstances, to pursuit the economical tunnel sections, and to resist the risk of tunnel deterioration. By the special act on the safety control of public facilities, the reinforced NATM tunnels for more than 1 km length are scrutinized closely to characterize defects; crack, reinforcement exposure, and lack of lining. Crack resistance by reinforcing is shown in comparison with the normalized crack to the length of tunnel. Typical exposed reinforcements in lining have exemplified with various sections. The lack of lining due to the mal-construction, spalling, fire, earthquake and leaching has been analyzed. The cause and mechanism with the field inspections and other studies has also been verified. Detailed cases are selected by the above concerns as well as the basic information from FMS (Facilities Management System). Likewise the previous paper, this study provides specialized defects in reinforced lining of NATM and it can be widely used in spreading the essential technics and reporting skills. Furthermore, it would be advised and amended for the detail guideline of Safety Diagnosis and PISD (tunnel).

Keywords
Reinforced NATM
Defects
Crack
Rebar exposure
Spalling

NATM (무근)터널의 라이닝 균열을 분석한 논문과 연계하여 NATM (철근)터널의 결함을 정밀안전진단 사례를 정리하여 결함별 원인을 분석하고자 하였다. NATM (철근)터널에서 콘크리트라이닝은 그 역할에 따라 철근과 같은 보강재를 사용하게 된다. 지반이 불량하거나 안전성 확보를 위한 라이닝 두께의 증가는 굴착단면의 증가와 라이닝 타설 물량의 증가를 유발하나, 철근보강 단면을 설계하여 경제성과 안전성을 함께 도모하게 된다. 시설물안전법에 의한 국내 1종 터널 시설물 중에서 NATM으로 시공된 구간에 철근보강을 실시한 라이닝의 결함 특성을 정리하여 형태별 발생원인을 분석하고자 하였다. 단철근, 복철근과 무근라이닝에 발생되는 균열을 비교하여 철근으로 인한 균열제어 효과를 분석하였다. 다양한 위치에서의 철근노출 사례와 함께 기술하였고 터널에서 고려될 수 있는 라이닝 두께 부족의 원인으로 정밀시공 미흡, 박락, 공용중 라이닝 화재에 의한 폭열, 지진, 용탈의 사례를 기존 연구와 비교하여 분석하였다. 향후 본 연구를 통해 정밀안전진단(터널) 세부지침의 보완 및 개정방향 등을 제시하고자 한다.

키워드
NATM (철근)
결함
균열
철근부식
박락
References
1
Aggelis, D.G., Shiotani, T., Kasai, K. (2008), "Evaluation of grouting in tunnel lining using impact echo", Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 629-637.
10.1016/j.tust.2007.12.001
2
Asakura, T., Kojima, Y. (2003), "Tunnel maintenance in Japan", Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 18, No. 2-3, pp. 161-169.
10.1016/S0886-7798(03)00024-5
3
Aydan, Ö., Ohta, Y., Geniş, M., Tokashiki, N., Ohkubo, K. (2010), "Response and earthquake induced damage of underground structures in rock mass", Journal of Rock Mechanics and Tunnelling Technology, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 19-45.
4
Balaguer, C., Montero, R., Victores, J.G., Martinez, S., Jardón, A. (2014), "Towardly fully automated tunnel inspection: a survey and future trends", Proceedings of the 31st ISARC, Keynote, Sydney, pp. 1-15.
5
Boulogne, C., Frachon, S., Kasperski, J., Larive, C., Peru, Y., Robert, A., Spataro, F., Subrin, D. (2015), "Road tunnel civil engineering inspection guide-book2: Catalogue of deteriorations", AFTES, Lyon, pp. 1-140.
25534885
6
Choi, Y.S., Yang, E.I. (2013), "Effect of calcium leaching on the pore structure, strength, and chloride penetration resistance in concrete specimens", Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 259, pp. 126-136.
10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.02.049
7
Choo, J.H., Park, S.W., Kim, H.T., Jee, G.H., Yoon, T.G. (2011), "Analysis and cause of occurrence of lining cracks on NATM tunnel based on the precise inspection for safety and diagnosis - Part I", Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 199-214.
8
Gérard, B., Le Bellego, C., Bernard, O. (2002), "Simplified modelling of calcium leaching of concrete in various environments", Materials and Structures, Vol. 35, No. 10, pp. 632-640.
10.1007/BF02480356
9
Han, Y.C., Jeong, S.S. (2014), "A study on the concrete lining behavior due to tunnel deterioration", Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 21-34.
10.7843/kgs.2014.30.4.21
10
Jang, S.H., Yoon, T.G., Choi, S.W., Bae, G.J. (2006), "Countermeasures and damages of tunnel by fire", Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 7-19.
11
Kang, H.W., Kwak, H.J., Jung, H.J., Kim, Y.G. (2001), "Geotechnical characteristics of mudstones and its application", Magazine of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 99-113.
12
Kim, K.H. (2010), "A study on the tunnels excavation to shale section, Korea University of Graduate School, Master΄s Degree, pp. 1-84.
13
Kim, S.W., Ra, K.W., Koh, S.Y. (2006), "Improvement of concrete lining construction method in large section tunnel", Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 77-86.
14
Kim, S.W., Shin, B.S., Park, I.J. (2009), "Model tests on concrete placement method of tunnel lining due to tunnel size", Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 213-221.
15
Kӓthler, C.B., Angst, U.M., Wagner, M., Larsen, C.K., Elsener, B. (2017), Effect of cracks on chloride- induced corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete - a review, NPRA Report, Nr. 454, pp. 1-37.
16
Lai, J.X., Qin, J.L., Guo, C.X., Liu, B.Z. (2014), "Treatment Technique for double-arch highway tunnel with carbon fiber reinforced polymer: a case study", Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 19, pp. 6839-6845.
17
Lanzano, G., Biotta, E., Russo, G. (2008), Tunnel under seismic loading: a review of damage case histories and protection methods, Book Presentation, Termoli, pp. 1-10.
18
Lee, C.H., Wang, T.T., Sun, L.J., Huang, T.H. (2013), "Invert heaving in operational tunnels - problems and countermeasures", Proceedings of the WTC, Geneva, pp. 770-777.
10.1201/b14769-106
19
Lee, J.M., Park, N.H., Lee, J.H. (2010), "Construction case study of Bokan tunnel passing Yangsan, a fault formation at 12-4 lot of Kyungbu high speed railroad project", Korean Society Civil Engineering, Vol. 58, No. 9, pp. 60-66.
20
Lee, Y.S., Park, S.W., Whang, I.B., Shin, Y.S., Kim, S.G. (2009), "Analysis of cause and deterioration about using 3-arch tunnel", Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 97-105.
21
Leitner, A. (2001), "The fire catastrophe in the Tauern tunnel: experience and conclusions for the Austrian guidelines", Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 217-223.
10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00042-6
22
Lim, H.M., Son, K.G. (2014), "The stability analysis of near parallel tunnels pillar at multi-layered soil with shallow depth by numerical analysis", Journal of the Korean Geo-Environmental Society, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 53-62.
10.14481/jkges.2014.15.1.53
23
Lu, Z., Wu, L., Zuo, Q., Yuan, Q., Li, B. (2015), "Lining strength area deformation control effects and stress characters analysis in non-pre-advanced twin tube tunnels", Electronic Journal Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 20, Bun. 11, pp. 4535-4547.
24
Mercusot, A., Boeri, A. (2012), "AFTES recommendations-geometry, concrete, formwork and concreting of tunnel linings: construction defects, GT36R1A1 - Appendix 1", AFTES, Lyon, pp. 440-461.
25
Mgnumbwa, J.J., Suorineni, F.T., Kaiser, P.K. (2010), "Failure mechanisms of pillars under shear loading", UDSR, Tanzania, pp. 1-8.
26
MOLIT (2007), "Development of repair and rehabilitation method in drained tunnel under the residual water pressure", KISTEC, pp. 1-481.
27
MOLIT (2018), "Special act on the safety control of public structure", KISTEC, pp. 1-357.
28
Park, S.W., Park, S.S., Hwang, I.B., Cha, C.J. (2012), "A case study on cause analysis for longitudinal crack of duct slab in tunnel", Journal of the Korea Institute for Structural Maintenance Inspection, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 19-28.
10.11112/jksmi.2012.16.5.019
29
Sandrone, F., Labiouse, V. (2010), "Analysis of the evolution of road tunnels equilibrium conditions with a convergence-confinement approach", Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 201-218.
10.1007/s00603-009-0056-y
30
Sandrone, F., Labiouse, V. (2011), "Identification and analysis of Swiss road tunnels pathologies", Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 374-390.
10.1016/j.tust.2010.11.008
31
Seo, K.C., Yoon, T.G., Park, S.H., Cho, S.H, Kim, E.C. (2005), "Deterioration character of tunnel damaged by fire and fire proofing measure", Proceedings of the Joint Conference of Geotechnical Engineering, October, Gyeonggi, pp. 129-139.
32
Tan, Y.Q., Smith, J.V., Li, C.Q., Dauth, J. (2017), "Calcium leaching of a concrete tunnel lining under aggressive groundwater conditions", Proceedings of the World Tunnel Congress, Bergen, pp. 1-5.
33
Thumann, M., Astner, M., Saxer, A., Kusterle, W. (2015), "Precipitation in the tunnel drainage system optimized shotcrete mix-design", Proceedings at Shotcrete for Underground Support XII ECI Symposium Series, Singapore, pp. 1-19.
34
Usman, M., Galler, R. (2013), "Long-term deterioration of lining in tunnels", International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 64, pp. 84-89.
10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.08.028
35
Wang, L. (2015), "Settlement impact analysis and countermeasure research of the down traversing formed by the double-arch subway tunnels through the existing railways in loess area", ICETA, Nagoya, pp. 1-10.
10.1051/matecconf/20152204006
36
Wang, R., Fan, S., Yuan, Y. (2010), "Appearance defects on lining structure of tunnel", Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Service Life Design for Infrastructure, Deft, pp. 1051-1058.
37
Wang, T.T. (2010), "Characterizing crack patterns on tunnel linings associated with shear deformation induced by instability of neighboring slopes", Engineering Geology, Vol. 115, No. 1-2, pp. 80-95.
10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.06.010
38
Wang, W.L., Wang, T.T., Su, J.J., Lin, C.H., Seng, C.R., Huang, T.H. (2001), "Assessment of damage in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake", Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 133-150.
10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00047-5
39
Wang, Z.Z., Gao, B., Jiang, Y.J., Yuan, S. (2009), "Investigation and assessment on mountain tunnels and geotechnical damage after the Wenchuan earthquake", Science in China Series E: Technological Science, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 546-558.
10.1007/s11431-009-0054-z
40
White, J., Hurlebaus, S., Shokouhi, P., Wittwer, A., Wimsatt, A. (2014), "Noncontact techniques for monitoring of tunnel linings", Structural Monitoring and Maintenance, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 197-211.
10.12989/smm.2014.1.2.197
41
White, J.B., Wieghaus, K.T., Karthik, M.M., Shokouhi, P., Hurlebaus, S., Wimsatt, A. (2016), "Nondestructive testing methods for underwater tunnel linings: practical application at Chesapeake channel tunnel", Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Vol. 23, No. 3, B4016011-1-11.
42
Yashiro, K., Kojima, Y., Shimizu, M. (2007), "Historical earthquake damage to tunnels in japan and case studies of railway tunnels in the 2004 Niigataken-Chuetsu earthquake", Quarterly Report of RTRI, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 136-141.
10.2219/rtriqr.48.136
43
Yokozeki, K., Watanabe, K., Sakata, N., Otsuki, N. (2004), "Modelling of leaching from cementitious materials used in underground environment", Applied Clay Science, Vol. 26, No. 1-4, pp. 293-308.
10.1016/j.clay.2003.12.027
44
Yoo, J.H., Kim, Y.K., Chung, C.H. (2011), "A case study on the design of tunnel excavation in geological anomalies", Tunnel and Underground Space, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 341-348.
45
Zeng, X., Wang, Z., Fan, J., Zhao, L., Lin, D., Zhao, J. (2011), "Problems of durability and reinforcement measures for underground structures in China", Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 250-259.
10.3724/SP.J.1235.2011.00250
Information
  • Publisher :Korean Tunneling and Underground Space Association
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국터널지하공간학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
  • Volume : 21
  • No :1
  • Pages :1-29
  • Received Date : 2018-08-27
  • Revised Date : 2018-09-13
  • Accepted Date : 2018-09-20
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.9711/KTAJ.2019.21.1.001
Journal Informaiton Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
Online Submission & Review System
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close