All Issue

2025 Vol.27, Issue 6 Preview Page

Technical Paper

A policy study on establishing underground shelter standards utilizing subsurface space in Seoul for responding to complex threats

서울시 지하공간을 활용한 복합위협 대응용 지하대피시설 기준 마련을 위한 정책연구

Jae-Chun Sim12
,
Joon-Shik Moon3*
,
Myungha Hwang2
,
Hyoung-Seok Oh2
,
Jinwoo Jung24
심 재춘12
,
문 준식3*
,
황 명하2
,
오 형석2
,
정 진우24
1Construction Policy Development Officer, Engineer Office, Army Headquarters
2Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University
3Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University
4Senior Manager, Korea Expressway Corporation Construction Division
1정회원, 육군본부 공병실 건설제도발전장교
2정회원, 경북대학교 토목공학과 박사과정
3정회원, 경북대학교 토목공학과 교수
4정회원, 한국도로공사 건설처 차장
*Corresponding Author
30 November 2025. pp. 525-537
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

This study aims to develop practical underground shelter standards capable of responding to compound threats such as nuclear attacks, weapon of mass destruction (WMD), and electromagnetic pulse (EMP). By examining Israel’s protective space systems, the research evaluates the potential for utilizing urban underground spaces for civil defense purposes and identifies the limitations of Seoul’s current shelter infrastructure. The findings indicate that Seoul’s shelters suffer from shallow depth, insufficient protective performance, and a lack of institutional design standards. Accordingly, this study proposes several policy measures, including amendments to building regulations, expansion of deep underground shelters, establishment of design guidelines by facility type, introduction of a protective-facility certification system, and institutionalization of an Urban Defense Plan. These measures together represent an integrated urban-survival strategy that promotes the dual use of tunnels and underground infrastructure for protective purposes, thereby enhancing national security and civilian survivability through the multifunctional use of underground space.

Keywords
Underground shelter
Underground space
Urban defense plan
urban-survival strategy

본 연구는 핵, 대량살상무기(weapon of mass destruction, WMD), 전자기펄스(electromagnetic pulse, EMP) 등 복합 위협에 대응하기 위한 실질적 생존 기반의 지하 대피시설 기준을 마련하기 위한 연구를 목적으로 한다. 특히 이스라엘의 방호 공간 사례를 통해 도시 내 지하공간의 방호적 활용 가능성을 분석하고, 서울시의 현행 대피체계의 한계를 진단하였다. 연구 결과, 서울시 대피시설은 얕은 심도, 방호성능 미비, 제도적 기준 부재 등의 문제를 안고 있으며, 이에 본 연구는 건축법 개정, 대심도 대피소 확충, 시설유형별 설계 기준 정립, 방호시설 인증제 도입, 도시방호계획 제도화 등의 정책방안을 제시하였다. 이는 터널 및 지하공간 인프라를 방호목적과 병행 활용하는 통합적 도시생존 전략의 일환으로, 향후 지하공간의 다기능적 이용을 통해 국가안보 및 시민 생존성 제고에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

키워드
지하 대피시설
지하공간
도시 방호 계획
도시생존 전략
References
1

DoD (2008), Structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions, UFC 3-340-02, U.S. Department of Defense, pp. 12.

2

Glasstone, S., Dolan, P.J. (1977), The effects of nuclear weapons (3rd ed.), U.S. Department of Defense and U.S. Department of Energy, pp. 660.

10.21236/ADA087568
3

IEC (2001), Electromagnetic compatibility - Installation and mitigation guidelines, IEC 61000-5-7, International Electrotechnical Commission, pp. 51.

4

IMOD (Ministry of Defense of Israel) (2022), Israeli civil defense shelter regulations: Overview and application, Israel National Emergency Management Authority.

5

Kim, K.D., Hossain, L. (2013), “Policy network approach to coordinated disaster response”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.3693.

6

Lee, S.J., Kim, S.Y. (2024), “Comparative analysis of civil defense shelters within buildings by country”, Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 1-9.

10.9798/KOSHAM.2024.24.6.1
7

Park, H.S, Kwon, S.A. (2025), “Assessment of earthquake evacuation shelter capacity in Seoul: A geographic information systems-based analysis of transient population accommodation in critical infrastructure”, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, Vol. 33, No. 1, e70021.

10.1111/1468-5973.70021
8

Park, J.O., Yoo, Y.H., Park, B.J. (2015), “An analysis study for reasonable installation of tunnel fire safety facility”, Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 243-248.

10.9711/KTAJ.2015.17.3.243
9

Ryu, J.O., Kim, H.G., Lee, H.Y. (2018), “Effects of evacuation delay time and fire growth curve on quantitative risk for railway tunnel fire”, Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 809-822.

10.9711/KTAJ.2018.20.5.809
10

SMG (2023), Status report on underground evacuation facilities in Seoul, Urban Safety Headquarters, Seoul Metropolitan Government.

11

SMG (2024), Report on the designation and management status of civil defense facilities in Seoul, Urban Safety Headquarters, Seoul Metropolitan Government.

12

Yoo, J.O., Kim, J.S., Rie, D.H., Shin, H.J. (2015), “The effect of a risk factor on quantitative risk assessment in railway tunnel”, Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 117-125.

10.9711/KTAJ.2015.17.2.117
Information
  • Publisher :Korean Tunneling and Underground Space Association
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국터널지하공간학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
  • Volume : 27
  • No :6
  • Pages :525-537
  • Received Date : 2025-09-11
  • Revised Date : 2025-10-28
  • Accepted Date : 2025-10-28
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.9711/KTAJ.2025.27.6.525
Journal Informaiton Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
Online Submission & Review System
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close