A study on the application of standard emission factors in road tunnels considering the adoption rate of eco-friendly vehicles

Hyo-Gyu Kim

doi:10.9711/KTAJ.2025.27.6.673

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2025 Vol.27, Issue 6 Preview Page

Research Paper

A study on the application of standard emission factors in road tunnels considering the adoption rate of eco-friendly vehicles 친환경차량 보급률에 따른 도로터널 기준배출량 적용에 관한 연구

30 November 2025. pp. 673-685

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Abstract

To maintain air pollutant concentrations inside road tunnels below acceptable levels, the required ventilation capacity is estimated using the concept of the necessary ventilation flow rate. This flow rate is calculated by converting mass-based emission factors defined as “standard emission rates” in relevant legal guidelines. As multiple regulations have recently been revised, newly established, or present differing criteria, a comparative review is required. Furthermore, the increasing adoption of eco-friendly vehicles and the resulting decline in internal combustion engine vehicles necessitate updated evaluations of fuel- and vehicle-type-specific emissions. This study analyzes and compares standard emission rates derived from the currently applied regulations—“Emission Standards for Manufactured Vehicles (2019)” and “Emission Standards for Manufactured Vehicles (2024)”—as well as the newly introduced guideline, the “Manual for Estimating Air Pollutant Emission Factors (2023)”, based on recent trends in registered vehicle populations by type. The results indicate that, compared to the current emission standards (2019), the newly established “Road Mobile Source Emission Factors (2023)” show reductions of up to 60% in standard emission rates for all pollutants (PM, CO, NOx) and vehicle categories, except for NOx emissions from small truck. The anomaly observed for small truck is presumed to stem from overestimated or erroneous emission factor values within the guideline. This study is expected to serve as foundational data for future estimation of required tunnel ventilation flow rates and ventilation capacity planning, taking into account ongoing regulatory updates and the increasing share of eco-friendly vehicles.

Keywords

Road tunnel

Adoption rate of eco-friendly vehicles

Ventilation capacity

Emission factors

도로터널은 터널내 체류하는 오염물질의 농도를 일정 수준 이하로 유지하기 위하여 필요한 최소한의 용량을 산정하기 위하여 소요환기량이란 개념을 통해 환기용량을 산정한다. 이 때 소요환기량은 관련 법정 규정에 따라 기준배출량이란 질량단위 배출량을 단위환산하여 산정이 된다. 이를 위한 규정은 현행 적용 중인 기준과 개정된 사항, 그리고 관련 하여 유사 규정의 신규 제정이 있어 이에 대한 비교 및 고찰이 필요하다. 또한 최근 친환경차량의 보급률 증대로 내연기관의 감소에 따른 연료에 대한 차종별 검토 역시 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 친환경차량 보급률 증대에 따라 최근 등록된 자동차 누적대수 등록추이를 기반으로 현행 적용 중인 관련 규정(제작차 배출허용기준(2019), 제작차 배출허용기준(2024))과 유사 규정의 신규 규정(국가 대기오염물질 배출량 산정방법 편람(VI)(2023))에 따른 기준배출량을 산정하여 비교 및 검토하였다. 그 결과 현행 기준인 ‘제작차 배출허용기준(2019)’ 대비 제정된 ‘국가 대기오염물질 배출량 산정방법 편람(VI)(2023)’의 기준배출량 변화는 NOx의 소형트럭을 제외한 모든 오염물질(PM, CO, NOx) 및 차종에서 최대 60% 이상의 기준배출량이 감소될 것으로 분석되었으며, 소형트럭의 경우 해당 규정에서 제시한 배출계수의 과도예측 또는 단순 오류라 판단된다. 본 연구는 도로터널의 환기용량을 결정짓기 위한 관련자료의 개정현황 등을 고려하여 향후 친환경차량이 증대되는 추세를 고려하여 미래 도로터널 소요환기량 산정 및 환기용량 도출의 기초자료로 활용 될 것으로 예상된다.

키워드

도로터널

친환경차량 보급

환기용량

기준배출량 산정

References

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10.9711/KTAJ.2019.21.6.779

Lee, H.H., Kim, H.G., Baek, D.S., Yoo, J.O. (2025), “A study on the variation of required ventilation rate based on the calculation methods of standard emission in road tunnels”, Proceedings of the General Assembly and Annual Conference of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, Busan, pp.173-174.

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MCEE (2023), National Air Pollutant Emission Estimation Manual (VI) - Annex II. Road mobile source emission factors, Energy and Environment, Korea, pp. 346-404.

MCEE (2024), Enforcement Rule of the Clea Air Conservation Act - Annex 17. Emission allowance standards for motor vehicles, Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment, Korea.

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Son, Y.J. (2023), Comparison of air pollutant emissions in long tunnels according to road slope using mobile measurement, Kangwon National University, Master’s Thesis, pp. 35-48.

WRA (PIARC) (2019), Road Tunnels: Vehicle emissions and air demand for ventilation, PIARC Technical Committee D.5, pp. 22-32.

Information

Publisher :Korean Tunneling and Underground Space Association
Publisher(Ko) :한국터널지하공간학회
Journal Title :Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
Journal Title(Ko) :한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
Volume : 27
No :6
Pages :673-685
Received Date : 2025-11-11
Revised Date : 2025-11-26
Accepted Date : 2025-11-26
DOI :https://doi.org/10.9711/KTAJ.2025.27.6.673

Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association ISSN:2233-8292(Print) 2287-4747(Online) 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집

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